Allows transmission of rotation power via a rotary table or top drive to drillstring, ultimately allowing the bit to be rotated so drilling can ensure.
Drill pipes are also available in different steel grades and weights. E, S- Weight is expressed in pounds per foot e. The drill pipe used is also dependent on the diameter of the hole and the tensile strength required.
This does leave much material to cut thread in, so therefore both end of the pipe are fitted with special threaded end. These ends are called a tool joint. Potential Hazards: - Being struck by the tongs, the make-up chain, or pipe.
Blowout prevention program. Bits Bits can be of different designs, depending on their purpose. The roller cone bit illustrated in figure 40 is a milled tooth type with tungsten carbide insert cutters. PDC bits as illustrated in figure 42 i.
Poly-crystalline diamond compact bit are also used to provide more durability as illustrated above. Rotating Systems A conventional rotating system consists of: 1. Rotary table 2. Master bushing with insert bushings 3. Swivel Kelly and Kelly drive bushing.
A top-drive consists of an electric or hydraulic motor, sometimes two, which, via a gearbox, drive a small piece of pipe called a Quill. Figure Master bushings Nowadays rigs are still fitted with a rotary table but it is not used for driving purposes anymore. It is only used in rare occasions, for example during BHA handling. Inside the rotary table a set of master bushings is placed and within the master bushings a set of inserts bushings is placed.
Between the lower Kelly Valve and the drill pipe a saver sub is placed. The saver sub is intended as a sacrificial thread to protect the thread of the Kelly valve connection and to act as a crossover between the Kelly valve and the drill pipe.
Figure Full operating safety valve To shut of the drill string we either float valves installed deep in the string, near the bit. There are also tools available for closing the drill string when the top-drive is unable to screw into the drill-pipe. Figure IBOP stab in valve.
For example during tripping operations this is when the string is pulled out of the hole and the Top-drive is in the top of the derrick. In such a case a safety valve is manually stabbed on top of the string and on top of that a one-way valve is fitted. Making a connection Figure Setting the drillstring slips into the rotary table bushings Preparing to break out the pipe The driller stops the drill string from rotating, and hoists the drill string with the draworks until the kelly is out of the rotary table.
The driller then shuts down the mud pump s. The floor hands set the slips around the joint of pipe. The tongs are then latched onto the tool joints above and below the connection. Breaking out the pipe The tongs and cathead are used to break out the pipe. Either the rotary table top drive or kelly spinner is used to spin the drill string or kelly to unscrew it from the drill pipe joint.
Figure Making connection in mouse hole Making up pipe in mouse-hole The crew swings the kelly out over the mouse-hole and stabs it into a new joint of pipe. The driller then spins up the kelly using the kelly spinner or spinning chain and the crew uses tongs to torque the joint. Chains with the metal reduced by wear at any point less than 90 percent of its original cross section area should be discarded. Raising the kelly and making a new connection The driller uses the draworks to raise the kelly and attached joint out of the mouse hole.
Adding pipe to the string The new joint is guided over to the drill hole, the tool joint is doped, and stabbed into the end of the pipe suspended in the rotary table with the slips. The joints are threaded together using the pipe spinner, kelly spinner, or spinning chain. Final torque is provided by the tongs. The draworks lifts the kelly and attached string to facilitate removal of the slips.
Figure Applying dope to a tubular connection Figure Pulling slips Resuming drilling Figure Lowering the kelly bushing into the rotary table to resume Rotary Drilling Operations The driller starts the pump and picks up off the slips.
The drill crew then removes the slips. The driller lowers the string until the kelly drive bushing engages the master bushing. Once the bushings are in place, the driller begins rotating the drill string, lowers the bit back to bottom, and continues making hole. Mud circulating system Mud serves a couple of important functions within the drilling process: - Well control, a column of mud of the correct mud weight keeps the well stable.
The mud weight is always chosen to provide sufficient overbalance in relation to the formation pressure. Mud pits 2. Charge pumps 3. Mud pumps 4. Standpipe manifold 5. Standpipe hose 6. Swivel , wash pipe 7. Drill string 9.
Annulus Flow line, Flow divider Shakers Treatment tanks Mud pits Mud Pits can be seen as plain storage tanks. They have a couple of connections to various suction lines described later on and a couple of return lines. They are also fitted with big mixers which will prevent the barite from falling out.
Barite is the weighting material used for increasing the mud weight. Charge pumps Charge pumps are connected to the mud pits and provide mud to the mud pumps. Charge pumps are needed since a gravitational feed directly from the pit will not provide the mud pumps with sufficient flow.
Figure 66; Example of a triplex mud pump Mud pumps Mud pumps can be described as big triplex plunger pumps. They can operate up to psi; can be AC or DC driven with a power range up to hp. Figure Cross section of a triplex mud pump An introduction to drilling operations This is also the place where the gauges are fitted which shows the driller the mud pressure, also referred to as the Standpipe Pressure. Standpipe hose The standpipe hose connects the standpipe to the top-drive or kelly.
Swivel, wash pipe The top drive or rotary table and kelly via a kelly master bushing is rotating the drill string. It does this by providing a high pressure swivel and sealing capability between the stationary part where the standpipe hose is connected and the rotating part to which the drill string is connected. Drilling fluid flow path Figure Fluid flow through bit and wellbore annulusAs illustrated in the circulating system the drilling fluid is pump via the mud pits, circulating lines down the drillstring through the drilling assembly and eventually exiting out of the bit.
Here, the bit is fitted with nozzles of a specific size. Nozzles clean the bit and the bottom of the wellbore thereby increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the cutting removal process by jetting the cuttings from the bit and bottom of the well. Once fluid flow exits the bit is then enter what is termed the wellbore annulus. The annulus is geometrical section clearances that exist between the bottom-hole assembly, drillstring, drill pipe etc and the wellbore formation or casing, riser, diameters.
Separating mud from cuttings To re-clarify Drilling mud is therefore used to control the subsurface pressures, lubricate the drill bit, stabilize the well bore, and carry the cuttings to the surface, among other functions. The mud flow path is for Mud to be pumped from the surface through the hollow drill string, exits through nozzles in the drill bit, and returns to the surface through the annular space between the drill string and the walls of the hole.
As the drill bit grinds rocks into drill cuttings, these cuttings then become entrained in the mud flow and are carried to the surface. In order to return the mud to the re-circulating Figure Recirculation system.
On top of the BOP low pressure piping is fitted. A funnel shaped piece is fitted at the top and serves as a guide for the tools which are lowered into the well. This is also called the Bell Nipple. Figure Drilling mud exiting the surface flowline On the Bell nipple side outlets are fitted which permit the drilling fluids to flow though the flow-line to the flow divider.
The flow line is just a large diameter pipe which connects the bell-nipple to the flow divider. Figure Flow divider prior to shale shakers The Flow divider is meant to provide each shaker with an equal amount of mud, this to prevent one shaker to overflow whilst the others are not getting any mud at all.
The first step in separating the cuttings from the mud involves circulating the mixture of mud and cuttings over vibrating screens called shale shakers.
The liquid mud passes through the screens and is recirculated back to the mud tanks from which mud is withdrawn for pumping down-hole. The drill cuttings remain on top of the shale shaker screens; the vibratory action of the shakers moves the cuttings down the screen and off the end of the shakers to a point where they can be collected and stored in a tank or pit for further treatment or management.
Figure 73 : Shale shakers removing cuttings from drilling mud Often two series of shale shakers are used. The first series primary shakers use coarse screens to remove only the larger cuttings. The second series secondary shakers use fine mesh screens to remove much smaller particles. In general, the separated drill cuttings are coated with a large quantity of drilling mud roughly equal in volume to the cuttings.
Figure Mud tank storage Additional mechanical processing is often used in the mud pit system to further remove as many fine solids as possible because these particles tend to interfere with drilling performance. This mechanical equipment usually belongs to one of three types: 1 Hydro-cyclone-type de-silters and de-sanders, 2 mud cleaners hyd-rocyclone discharging on a fine screened shaker , and 3 rotary bowl decanting centrifuges.
The separated fine solids are combined with the larger drill cuttings removed by the shale shakers. Figure Vertical cuttings dryer Figure Example of Dried cuttings If the solids collected by the shale shakers are still coated with so much mud that they are unsuitable for the next reuse or disposal step or if the used mud is valuable enough to collect as much of it as possible, the solids can be further treated with drying shakers utilizing high gravitational separation, vertical or horizontal rotary cuttings dryers, screw-type squeeze presses, or centrifuges.
The cuttings dryers recover additional mud and produce dry, powdery cuttings. Figure Centrifuge An introduction to drilling operations Drilling Fluids Drilling fluid functions Drilling fluid is an important component in the drilling process. A fluid is required in the wellbore to: Figure Drilling Fluid mud in a mud pit - Cool and lubricate the drill bit - Remove the rock fragments, or drill cuttings, from the drilling area and transport them to the surface, - Counterbalance formation pressure to prevent formation fluids such as oil, gas, and water from entering the well prematurely which can lead to a blowout , and - Prevent the open uncased wellbore from caving in.
Drilling fluids types There are several types of drilling fluids used depending on the drilling conditions encountered: - Water-based muds are used most frequently. The base may be either: o fresh water, or salt water.
The oil and gas extraction industry has developed many new oleaginous oil-like base materials from which to formulate high-performance drilling fluids. Drilling Fluid additives Drilling muds typically have several additives. Air and foam fluids typically do not contain many additives because the additives are either liquid or solid, and will not mix with air and foam drilling fluids. The following is a list of the more significant additives: - Weighting materials, primarily barite barium sulfate , may be used to increase the density of the mud in order to equilibrate the pressure between the wellbore and formation when drilling through particularly pressurized zones.
Hematite Fe2O3 sometimes is used as a weighting agent in oil-based muds Souders, The activities that comprise tripping are outline in this section Figure Setting back a stand of tubulars in the drilling derrick Every time a connection has to be made, the top drive or kelly has to be disconnected from the drill string.
To make this possible, the drill string is hung of in the rotary table. This is done by means of the slips. Slips are wedge shaped devices which are fitted with dies. The insert bushings of the rotary table have the same wedge shape and provide support to the slips. Once the slips bite the driller can unscrew the top drive or kelly and hoist it all the way up into the derrick.
The Drill pipe is brought to the drill floor by use of a winch or pipe handler. This is an automated piece of equipment. On manual rigs pipe was pulled up the floor by use a tugger and placed onto the drill-string by hand. The new joint is placed on top of the drill-string and will be made up with the manual rig tongs or with an automated roughneck An introduction to drilling operations Tripping out ips slips around the drill stem.
Slips have three Setting the sl The floor crew sets P other body parts pinched between slips or slip handle and rotary table. Possible Solutions: placement when s slips. Figure Setting the slips Breakout the kelly and set it into the rat-hole.
Potential Hazards: Figure Kelly set in its rat-hole in readiness to trip pipe- Release of excess drilling mud resulting in skin contact, loss of footing, etc. Possible Solutions: - Shut down the mud pumps before breaking out the kelly. The crew attaches elevators to the drillstring.
Figure Example of elevators and elevator links The floor crew latches the elevators onto the pipe. Figure Climbing derrick ladder to monkey-boardWorking in the monkey board The derrick-man climbs up the derrick to the monkey board. From here he unlatches the elevators and guides the stands of pipe into the fingerboard. The elevators are then lowered and attached to the next stand of pipe. For Fall Protection guidance, consult, Fall Protection when working from platforms documents.
Raise tools with a line to any worker above the derrick floor. Breaking out pipe, Reference page 27 Moving pipe to racking area Figure Moving pipe to set back area The stand is raised and maneuvered to the pipe racking area. In regards to latching elevators at the top of a stand, the derrick-man latches the elevators onto the pipe from the monkey-board as illustrated in figure presented below. Minyak zaitun dapat kurangkan risiko kematian akibat penyakit kronik.
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Add to cart. This second edition of the Oil Rig Mooring's Handbook has the contents updated where necessary and expanded to include information on Jack-up Drilling Rigs and to matters of Offshore Operations Seamanship to which reference is not normally made in Seamanship Manuals applicable to conventional Shipping.
As with the first edition, the Handbook is intended to offer assistance to the Professional Mariner moving into the Offshore Marine Environment from conventional sea going. Related Products.
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